Into Unscientific

Chapter 201 A Brand New Particle Orbit (5.6K)

mentioned earlier.

in microphysics.

Elementary particles can be divided into four categories:

Quarks, leptons, gauge bosons, and the Higgs particle.

And quarks cannot exist alone because of the static closure of quarks.

Therefore, in the microscopic field, quarks mainly exist in pairs and into threes:

For example, a positive quark and an antiquark make up a meson.

Or three quarks or three antiquarks make up a baryon.

Baryons and mesons are collectively called hadrons, for example, the well-known protons and neutrons belong to baryons.

Other than that.

Hyperon is also a kind of baryon.

It is special in that it contains at least one strange quark, and the way baryons interact can be understood by studying hyperons.

There are many hypersubtypes discovered so far.

Such as Σ-hyperons, Ξ-hyperons, Ω-hyperons and so on.

That's right.

Presumably some students have already remembered it.

In "Handbook of Conquering Another World", the particle beams used by the rabbits to blast away the secret realm of the Tiangong in Mount Qingcheng used Ω-hyperons.

And the Λ hyperon observed by academician Zhao Zhengguo and others not long ago also belongs to the above category.

See here.

Many people may be a little confused:

Although these contents seem to be easy to understand, what is the specific meaning of the Λ hyperson?

In fact, there are many theoretical meanings of the Λ hyperon.

For example, it may have aided in the discovery of the fabled fifth force.

For example, it is helpful for the detection of dark matter and dark energy.

It can even study neutron stars and so on.

And in reality.

The most direct impact is the mobile phones you and I use.

At present, all mobile phones will use the knowledge of quantum theory, because most of the core components of mobile phones use semiconductors, and the performance of semiconductor materials must be calculated and optimized according to quantum mechanics.

For example, there is a gap in the PN junction.

According to the popular understanding, the potential energy is greater than the kinetic energy of the electrons. Under normal understanding, it is impossible for electrons to pass through this gap.

However, under the category of quantum mechanics, electrons are allowed to jump with a certain probability. This phenomenon is called electron tunneling.

Electron tunneling microscopy uses this principle. The potential energy fluctuations on the surface of the material can be seen.

Then infer the surface structure of the material, and finally conduct semiconductor research and development.

For example, Samsung has already sold a mobile phone Galaxy A Quantum equipped with an optical quantum chip, and it only sold for more than 500 dollars, but it was a pity that it did not explode.

Optical quantum chips are used to generate quantum random numbers to ensure the absolute physical security of encryption algorithms, which is also a trend in the future.

Therefore, microscopic particle research is actually closely related to our reality, but because the final product is a complete state, there are certain information barriers for many technologies in it.

And compared to other hypersons.

The Λ hyperon is even more special.

It is a very special kind of hyperon, and its single-particle potential well depth in nuclear matter is the deepest among all known particles.

It's wrong to say something human, and it's more popular.

It can be regarded as a very critical foundation in controllable nuclear fusion.

Therefore, all countries attach great importance to it at present, and the relevant funds of several major countries start from 100 to 200 million yuan a year.

The line of sight is returning to the original place.

Academician Zhao and Xu Yun have heard about this observation. The maximum polarization of the decay event has broken through 26%, which is the first breakthrough in the world so far.

It's pretty big news.

But be aware.

Before academician Zhao and the others broke through for the first time, the maximum degree of polarization in the world reached 25%.

Therefore, their first breakthrough is more conceptual than practical, and they can only lead by half a body.

But the formula in Xu Yun's hand seems to point to another track:

do not forget.

The similar binding energy numbers between the two are actually the result of Xu Yun changing y(xn+1) to y(xn+2).

In other words.

On the track y(xn+1).

Theoretically, there is another Λ hyperon of different magnitude.

Think here.

Xu Yun's curiosity grew stronger.

Then he switched to the Aurora system again, and entered the number of the 4685Λ hyperon.

After a while.

A bunch of samples of decay events appeared in front of him.

Particle information is not like other research, and it does not need to consider the degree of confidentiality too much.

Because there is a big difference between the research of front-end particles and modern technology, it is difficult for you to directly expand the discovery of a certain particle into a certain technology, and there is not much value for confidentiality.

Therefore, after discovering new types of particles or related information, the discoverers will basically disclose all the information openly.

Academician Zhao Zhengguo uploaded a total of 37 decay samples, divided into six files.

It marked a lot of decay parameters, plus some other data information that few students looked like astronomical figures but were actually very important.

The observation method of the Λ hyperon is particle collision, and when it comes to particle collision, the first reaction in many people's minds is "tens of billions" and "high-tech" and other particularly compelling words.

But if you want to talk about the use of particle colliders, many people may not be able to tell.

In fact, the principle of this thing is very simple:

You want to study an orange, but you have fingers the size of a building.

You can feel it, but not see it.

You want to crush it, but find that it is always cunningly hidden in the crevices of your fingers.

It's so small you can't touch it, let alone peel it off.

Until one day you suddenly had an inspiration and used a pile of oranges to hit another pile of oranges.

Ever since.

boom!

They are broken.

You feel the pit, the juice, the peel.

Then again.

You know what an orange looks like, it has a core, juice, and peel.

This is actually the essence of colliders.

In the microcosmic realm, the orange juice becomes various charged or uncharged particles.

To separate them, you have to expend a certain amount of energy—that is, the force of the two big bags of oranges colliding.

So how much energy does it take to separate the components of matter on different scales?

The force between molecules is the least, with an average of less than 0.1eV-eV is an electron volt, which refers to the energy change caused by an electron charge passing through a voltage of one volt.

This is a very small unit, and its effect on the human body may be equivalent to being stabbed by Fanfan.

Chemical bonds are higher.

Between 0.1-10eV.

The inner shell electrons are about a few to tens of KeV.

The nucleon is above MeV.

Currently the deepest are quarks:

The energy levels between quarks are tens of GeV.

Calculated according to the donkey brother's worksheet, this energy level is almost as long as Pikachu has been generating electricity since Wu Zetian ascended the throne until now

And what is Zhao Zhengguo and the others observing?

Again, take orange juice as an example.

After two oranges collide, the splash area and image of orange juice are unpredictable and completely random.

Some orange juice splashes are better placed, some less so, and some are even more impossible to observe.

Therefore, it is actually very difficult to observe a new particle. You have to use a magnifying glass to search for it one by one, just to see the face.

But if you can know its orbit in advance, it's another matter.

For example, we know that a drop of orange juice will splash on the ground seven meters away from the southeast of the collision site at an angle of 37 degrees. This ground originally had a lot of sewage sludge, and the splashed orange juice will be mixed together and cannot be observed.

But we already know its trajectory in advance, so we can put a clean sampling board there in advance.

Then leave the scene with both hands, find a chair and finish it, and just wait quietly for it to be delivered to your door.

Now with the information of the Λ hyperon and the formula model, the link of deriving the "drop point" is very simple.

well known.

The general solution of N and its decay is not complicated.

For example, there is a decay chain A→B→C→D..., and the decay constants of various nuclides are λ, λ, λ, λ... respectively.

Assuming that there is only A at the initial time t, it is obvious: N=N(0)exp(-λt).

Xu Yun then wrote down another equation:

dN/dt=λN-λN.

This is the differential equation for the change in the number of B nuclei.

The solution can be N=λN(0)[exp(-λt)-exp(-λt)]/(λ-λ).

Then Xu Yun read while writing:

"The differential equation for the change of the C nucleus is: dN/dt=λN-λN, that is, dN/dt+λN=λN."

"Substitute the above N, so it is N=λλN(0){exp(-λt)/[(λ-λ)(λ-λ)+exp(-λt)/[(λ-λ)(λ-λ) ]+exp(-λt)/[(λ-λ)(λ-λ)]}."

He paused after writing these, and briefly checked the calculations.

After confirming that there is no problem, continue to write:

"A parameter h can be defined such that h=λλ/[(λ-λ)(λ-λ)], h=λλ/[(λ-λ)(λ-λ)], h=λλ/[(λ- λ)(λ-λ)]”

"Then N can be simplified as: N=N(0)[hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)]."

Finish writing these.

Xu Yun looked at the screen again, and substituted the parameters of the Λ superson into it:

"N=N(0)[hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)+...hnexp(-λnt)], the molecule of h is Πλi, i=1～n-1, that is, the molecule is λλλλ."

"The decay period of the Λ hyperon is 17, so the denominator of h is the product of the difference between the decay constant of the previous Λ hyperon and the decay constant λ of the Λ hyperon."

half an hour later.

Aurora software actually showed a set of values.

a a 0 1000:

1 904.8374

2 818.7308

3 740.8182

7 496.5853

8 449.329

Xu Yun didn't look at the numbers in front of it, and quickly pulled down the mouse.

Soon, he locked on the eighteenth line:

18 165.2989.

With this set of numbers, the next question is very simple.

Xu Yun entered this number into the Aurora model, and the formula is:

F(t):=N(t)/N(0)=e^(-t/π).

Here ":=" is a definition symbol, which means that the thing on the right is defined as the thing on the left.

Xu Yun now gives a physical meaning to this F(t):

The probability that an atom is still alive (not decaying) at time t.

N=N(0)[hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)+…hnexp(-λnt)] This formula describes how many atoms are left at time t. What Xu Yun does is to calculate the number of remaining atoms Compared with the initial total number of atoms, this amount is naturally the probability of finding the one Xu Yun wants among the remaining atoms in the pile.

Very simple and very easy to understand.

The Aurora system is connected to the secondary server of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using part of the computing power of the Chinese Academy of Sciences supercomputer "Yeyu".

So only ten minutes passed.

A result was displayed on the screen in front of him:

t=0, F=1.

See this situation.

Xu Yun's pupils suddenly shrank slightly.

The meaning of this result is.

At the very beginning, there is a particle in the orbit of y(xn+1)y(xn)/h≈f.

It's just that its life was terminated or the transition was disabled during the impact, so it was not captured in the end.

Think here.

Xu Yun was silent for a moment and walked out of the library.

He took out his phone and dialed a number.

After a while.

The phone was connected, and a certain handsome voice came from the other side:

"Hello, Xiao Xu?"

"Well, it's me, teacher, are you free now?"

"Just out of the lab, what's the matter?"

Xu Yun organized some words and said:

"Teacher, didn't I study a Σ hyperon before? Do you remember?"

The Σ hyperon is one of the more mainstream hyperons at present, with a lifespan of 0.15 nanoseconds and a slightly heavier mass than the hyperon.

The subject of Xu Yun's master's degree is the influence of the energy levels generated by the strong interaction of Σ hyperons, which involves some areas of quantum chromodynamics theory.

So soon.

Academician Pan replied from the other end of the phone:

"That's right, oh, I saw that you opened the record of the Aurora system, has the research been fruitful?"

Jiguang involves the computing power of the server, and each student's share is limited.

Academician Pan, as Xu Yun's mentor, will naturally receive relevant notices, and Xu Yun has no intention of hiding it from him:

"It's like this, teacher, when I was studying Σ hyperons, I suddenly discovered a special phase orbit, which is somewhat different from Σ hyperons in terms of eigenstates."

"Later, I used the auroral system to simulate and found that it was somewhat similar to the 4685Λ hyperon observed by Academician Zhao not long ago."

"So I performed an optimization simulation on this orbital formula, replaced the Σ hyperon with the decay parameters of the Λ hyperon, and finally found out."

across the phone.

Academician Pan was originally turning his head sideways, holding his mobile phone between his shoulders and ears, while dismantling a takeaway saury with both hands.

But when I heard Xu Yun's first sentence.

He vaguely realized something and stopped what he was doing.

When Xu Yun finished his last sentence, his expression became more solemn, and he completely followed Xu Yun's train of thought:

"Xiao Xu, what's the last F?"

"t=0, F=1, in other words, there should be a new particle in that orbit."

Xu Yun paused after speaking, and added:

"A new particle that can be captured and observed."