Into Unscientific

"Fat fish?"

The moment I saw this appellation.

Xu Yun's heart suddenly thumped violently.

Although this word does not look very nice, it looks a little silly.

But looking at Xu Yun's social circle, there is one and only one person who can call him that.

That is.

Isaac Newton, Mavericks classmate.

only

Why did Mavericks' letter come into his hands?

According to the hint of the previous halo, shouldn't the timeline in the copy be stagnant?

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help but took a deep breath, pulled himself together, and continued to read.

"Mr. Fat Fish personally said:"

"Mr. Fat Fish, five years have passed since you left without saying goodbye, and Uncle William, Aunt and Lilani still miss you very much."

"You just left a letter on the stall saying you met family members near Grantham Parish and left without paying for your meal."

"But thanks to you, our ketchup is selling well, and with the assistance of the diocese, we quickly occupied a large market."

"According to the original agreement, after deducting your living expenses, the total guinea is oh no, it's called pounds now, sixty-seven pounds."

"Considering that this letter may not be able to be delivered to you smoothly, I will temporarily keep this part of the gold coins, and the storage fee will be eight ten-thousandths per day."

See here.

The corners of Xu Yun's eyes twitched immediately, and he slapped himself on the forehead.

Good guy.

As expected of you, Mr. Niu, coauthoring me to save money, and I have to pay the storage fee?

What's more, the interest rate of 8/10,000 per day can be regarded as usury in 2022.

Anyway, learn from those kind-hearted readers, the renewal of the debt can be delayed without interest.

But soon.

Xu Yun gradually calmed down.

He still hasn't figured out how the letter was sent, and no one knows whether he will receive those pounds next time.

Besides, the current sales of "One Mantis" are pretty good, Xu Yun's pursuit of money is not that urgent.

Therefore, compared with those sterling dividends, he actually cares more about other information left in his heart by the Mavericks.

For example

Timeline for sending letters.

According to the situation disclosed in Maverick's letter, the time point when he wrote the letter should be five years after he disappeared.

This is obviously not normal.

Because according to the prompt of halo at the beginning.

The time inside the 1665 copy should have been suspended, and it will not resume until his next return.

But now it seems.

The Mavericks seem to be able to 'move' again?

Think here.

Another possibility suddenly appeared in Xu Yun's mind:

Could it be that.

This is the calf in the deduction timeline?

This kind of speculation can explain the origin of the correspondence, but in this way, what will happen next time I enter the 1665 copy?

If the two timelines interact with each other, then the halo is undoubtedly hitting it in the face, and such mistakes should not be made by the halo.

But if they are independent of each other, what is the significance of this letter?

Why does it appear at this point in time?

even

Could there be some unknown key between it and Lao Su's act of burning money in his own grave?

“There is still too little information”

Xu Yun shook his head lightly, looked at the letter in his hand again, and lingered on Lilani's name for a while longer.

Then he thought of something, and his expression suddenly relaxed:

"When I first met Lilani, she was probably only five or six years old. Even if five years have passed now, this girl is probably in her tenth or twelveth year."

"It's okay, okay, nothing happened."

Lilani.

She is the brat who gave Xu Yun a pile of cow dung when he met in the 1665 copy, and she is also the person who makes Xu Yun feel the most difficult besides Hu Ke during the deduction process.

According to the deduction results of the halo.

The girl became more introverted after she left, and dropped out of school when she was fifteen to go out to work.

At the age of nineteen, he went to the Netherlands to find himself, but unfortunately died in a shipwreck at sea.

Today's Lilani is only twelve years old even if calculated according to the oldest age. There are still many years before the accident when she was 19 years old, and she is still a lively little girl.

If Xu Yun could get in touch with the Mavericks, he would have every chance to avoid the tragedy.

Think here.

Xu Yun picked up the letter paper again and continued to read.

I saw the letter read:

".After you left, the plague gradually subsided. Four years ago, when the school reopened, I returned to Cambridge University."

"Now that I am the new Lucas professor at Trinity College, Cambridge University, and with the dividends I earn from ketchup, I have completely escaped from the shackles of that woman and achieved financial independence."

"Relying on Han Li's expansion and Yang Hui's triangular model over the years, I have re-established a new set of mathematical tools."

"And achieved a lot in theory, the specific formula is as follows"

Looking at the flamboyant handwriting on the envelope, Xu Yun can roughly imagine Maverick's expression when he wrote this sentence.

If nothing else.

This passage should be Mavericks introducing his current situation, and the mathematical tool he is talking about is naturally calculus.

According to the deduction of the original halo.

In April 1666, Maverick deduced the third-order formula developed by Han Li (Taylor), which laid a solid foundation for calculus.

Maverick wrote the letter between 1671 and 1672, and the calculus model must have been fully established.

Then he glanced at part of the formula added by Mavericks:

[If f'(x0)f'(x0) exists, there is f(x0+Δx)f(x0)≈f'(x0)Δxf(x0+Δx)f(x0)≈f'(x0) near x0x0 Δx. 】

[Since Δx=xx0Δx=xx0, f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(xx0)+o(xx0)f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(xx0 )+o(xx0). 】

【Approximately f(x)≈f(x0)+f′(x0)(xx0)f(x)≈f(x0)+f′(x0)(xx0)】

This is a very basic differential formula, not much different from what Mavericks established in history.

But watch and watch.

Xu Yun was taken aback for a moment, and his expression gradually became serious:

"However, during the derivation process, I suddenly discovered a problem."

"That is, the concepts of 'infinitely small quantity', 'infinite approach to', and dx seem to be very vague, sometimes it is 0 and sometimes it is not, which is confusing."

"So it took me another two and a half years to finally derive a more rigorous mathematical concept."

"If and only if for any ε, there exists a δlim0 such that whenever 0\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lim|x-a|\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;→δ, there is |f(x) -L|limε."

"Then we say that the limit of f(x) at point a is L, and record it as: Limx-af(x)=L."

"In my opinion, this definition is really completely "static", there is no trace of any movement, and there is no longer any ambiguity."

"Fat fish, with your wisdom, it shouldn't be difficult to see that it doesn't care how you approach L at all. It doesn't care if you fly over or tune in."

"As long as the final difference is smaller than ε, I admit that l is the limit of a."

"For example, we consider the simplest f(x)=1/x, when the value of x (is larger and larger, the value of this function will be smaller and smaller: f(1)=1, f(10 )=0.1, f(100)=0.01, f(1000)=0.001”

"... It can be seen that when the value of x becomes larger and larger, the value of f(x) will approach 0 more and more. Therefore, the limit value of the function f(x) at infinity should be 0."

"Then take an arbitrarily small ε, assuming that ε=0.1 here, then we need to find a δ to see if we can find a range so that |f(x)-0lim0.1."

"Obviously only x→10 is required; if ε=0.01, only x\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;→100 is required."

"Given any ε, we can obviously find a number that satisfies |f(x)-0|limε when x is greater than this number, so it is OK."

"Well, isn't my idea a genius?"

After a few minutes.

Xu Yun raised his head from the letter with admiration.

Although there is a very old saying.

But at this moment, he really wanted to take a deep breath and exclaim that this kid is so terrifying.

well known.

The rudiment of calculus can be traced back to a long time ago, and many sages in ancient and modern China and abroad have put forward related concepts.

Such as Archimedes, Aristotle, Liu Hui and so on.

Based on the work of these predecessors.

In the middle and late 17th century, Newton and Leibniz independently created systematic calculus.

But anyone who really knows the inside story knows it. Calculus, created by Newton and Leibniz, was not perfect.

Like Mavericks said, it has a fatal flaw:

The concept of limit is too vague.

Therefore, many people try to repair this defect, for example, McLaughlin tries to explain it from the aspect of instantaneous speed, Taylor tries to explain it by difference method and so on.

But from the perspective of future generations, their paths are obviously wrong.

So at this stage.

Many people have criticized and questioned calculus theory.

The most representative is Bishop Berkeley, which is the second mathematical crisis we mentioned a long time ago.

And what should we do to resolve the crisis?

The answer is simple, only if the concept of limit is truly rigorous.

Later, through the efforts of D'Alembert, Bolzano, Abel, Cauchy and others, they finally defined the definite integral as a sum limit.

Finally, Weierstrass, a mathematician, filled in the last brick, and finally got the current universal definition of ε-δ of the function limit with strict logic.

To know.

The time when Weierstrasse completed this achievement was at the end of the 20th century, two hundred years after Mavericks created calculus!

available in this letter.

Mavericks, by his own strength, infinitely deduced the concept of limit to its final form!

Indeed.

The Mavericks at that time had the help of Yang Hui's triangle and Taylor's formula, which is completely different from the real Mavericks in history.

But the above two functions are only an auxiliary function, at most it is to make you walk more comfortably in the first few steps.

What is really decisive is the Mavericks' personal ability.

Looking at the letter in front of him, another thought suddenly popped up in Xu Yun's heart:

If Xiao Niu can come to modern times like Lao Su, how high will his achievements be?

But soon.

Xu Yun shook his head and gave up this idea.

It is a great accident that Lao Su came to modern times, and has a very important relationship with the background of the times.

It is too difficult to achieve the same rating in the 1665 copy.

Although Lao Su and Mavericks fly together. Ah no, the picture of both taking off in modern times is very beautiful, but there should be no possibility of realizing it in the short term.

Other than that.

Halo was able to send this letter in front of him, obviously it couldn't be for Mavericks to report his results, there must be some other purpose.

Maybe it's a mission, maybe it's something else.

Think here.

Xu Yun lowered his head and read the letter again.

".The above are my discoveries in mathematics. If you have not dabbled in flow numbers, it may give you some inspiration."

"However, I am not writing to you this time to show off my achievements, but to swallow the money (scratch) but to ask you for help."

See this sentence.

Xu Yun suddenly became interested and read it carefully.

"In the process of studying gravity, I summarized and optimized some ideas of Galileo."

"Some of them were resolved smoothly, but some of them encountered problems, and to put it bluntly, they were serious problems."

"Fat fish, you should know that Galileo believed that there is no absolute frame of reference in the world, but only a relative frame of reference."

"So inside an inertial system, it is impossible to measure the speed of the system through experiments."

"But in my opinion, time and space are two independent concepts, they have no connection with each other, and they are absolute."

"I think space is absolute. As far as its nature is concerned, it has nothing to do with anything outside and is always the same and immobile."

"For this reason, I also conducted a wooden barrel experiment to verify this conjecture. The specific diagram is as follows."

"This experiment seems to be logically correct, but then I conducted further research on the dispersion phenomenon that happened to you."

"How should I put it, I found that the nature of light seems to be much more complicated than I originally imagined."

"Fat fish, I remember you said that you are a teaching assistant at the School of Natural Sciences of the Leiden Institute of Higher Education in the Netherlands, so I am writing this letter with strong doubts and expectations."

"If you can receive this letter and can answer my doubts, please give me a reply as soon as possible."

The letter ends here.

On the lower right is written a name:

Isaac Newton.

After putting down the letter.

Xu Yun rubbed his nose lightly, his chest rose and fell a few times, and he exhaled a dull breath.

In the 21st century.

Some marketing accounts often put such a sentence in their mouths:

"Newton's theory is wrong, and his theory was overthrown by Einstein long ago!"

Some of the videos have a lot to say, and because physics is a subject with very clear barriers, some people don't know much about it at all, so they just believe it in a daze.

But what actually happened?

The truth is this:

Newton put forward many theories in his life, one of which was half right and one completely wrong.

All the remaining theories and the systems formed by theories are alive and well, and they are the real cornerstone of our macroscopic world.

Let's talk about half the theory first.

This theory is the particle theory of light insisted by Maverick.

At that time, Mavericks collected a large amount of evidence that light is particles through his own research, and then promoted the particle theory, becoming a representative of the particle theory of that era.

There is really nothing to say about this matter. No one knew the wave-particle duality of light before 1909.

After all, at that time, no one would have imagined that the light thing was so weird, and at the same time possessed the superclass ability of duality.

It's like a person who can't tell the gender enters the men's room first, patters in front of other boys, and goes to the women's room again.

So the boy said that this person was a man, and the girl said that this person was a woman. Both of them thought that what they saw with their own eyes could not be wrong.

The results of it.

In the end, the school went to the hospital for an examination and found that this person's gender was Hideyoshi. Where can you find an excuse?

Therefore, Mavericks' speculation on the theory of microparticles can only be regarded as the limitation of the times, and there are many big bosses who overturned in the future.

As for that completely wrong theory?

It is the absolute space-time concept proposed by Mavericks.

Mavericks put forward this idea in "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", in which he described an absolute view of space and time:

Velocity is a function of time, space and time are independent of each other, there is an undisturbed passage of time and expansion of space.

In other words.

He believed that time and space existed independently of the motion of objects.

For this reason, he also conducted an experiment, which is the wooden barrel experiment mentioned in the letter.

This experiment is actually very simple, even a few students can complete it very easily:

first.

Lift a bucket of water with a long, soft sling, twisting the sling into a twist.

If you hold the sling and don't let the twisted rope loosen, then the bucket and the water in the bucket are relatively still and the water surface is flat.

But you let go of your hand suddenly, and the twist begins to relax.

The hanging rope will start to rotate, and the bucket will also rotate with the hanging rope.

At first, the water in the bucket does not rotate, only the bucket rotates, and the bucket and the water in the bucket rotate relative to each other.

But slowly.

The water is driven by the barrel and it also starts to turn.

At the end, the water turns like a bucket.

At this time, the water and the bucket are relatively still and do not rotate.

But the surface of the water is concave, low in the center and high at the sides of the barrel.

Of course.

The operation is simple and simple, but its idea is very delicate:

First of all, let’s talk about idea 1, we can calculate the angular velocity Ω of water rotation from the shape of the water surface.

Idea 2, we observed an objective experimental phenomenon:

at the begining.

The relative movement of the water in the bucket is the greatest, but it has no tendency to leave the axis of rotation.

The water neither leans to the edge nor rises, but remains flat, so its circular motion hasn't really started yet.

Three points can be obtained from 2:

3. This frame of reference is not a bucket.

4. This frame of reference is not the body of water itself.

5. There is only water, buckets, and space in this system.

A final conclusion can be drawn from 3, 4, 5:

6. This frame of reference can only be relative to the space itself, so the objectively existing space is the absolute space.

Follow the original track.

Xiao Niu didn't have any doubts about the results of this experiment, and thus proposed the absolute space-time concept, which made it the biggest stain on him by the sunspots of later generations.

Everyone should know what happened next.

Einstein put forward the theory of relativity, thinking that space-time is one thing, and the two are inseparable.

In Einstein's view of space-time.

Everything moves at the same speed in spacetime, which is the speed of light.

The one that moves fast in space is slow in time, and the total speed will always keep the speed of light.

The space-time structure is the gravitational field, the two are inseparable, and the material field is also inseparable.

Space tells matter how to move, and matter tells space how to bend.

If you compare it from a mathematical point of view, Newton's space-time theory is undoubtedly R^3xR.

It is a flat three-dimensional Euclidean space plus a one-dimensional time that has no connection with it. This structure is very simple.

Einstein's space-time is M^4, and the four-dimensional curved Riemannian space includes three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time.

You can imagine that this is a four-dimensional curved "surface", through which time and space are coupled together, and its metric tensor is the gravitational potential.

Simple right?

Then Xu Yun thought about it.

Subconsciously, he planned to take out the pen and paper from the backpack beside him.

But soon he laughed at himself—he was in the space right now, where did he get the paper and pen around him?

But just when he was about to return to reality, suddenly appeared in front of him.

A ballpoint pen and a piece of paper.

"."

Xu Yun took the pen and paper, looked around the space a few times, and shouted:

"Boss, how about another table and chairs?"

After a while.

call out--

A table and chair appeared in front of Xu Yun, and a photo of Jia Ran was pasted on the right front of the table.

Xu Yun: "."

Sure enough, there is a problem with this space, right?

Then he shook his head, forcing himself to get rid of distracting thoughts.

Sitting in a chair, he wrote a reply to Mavericks:

"Dear Mr. Newton, from yourselves:"

"Mr. Newton, long time no see, I'm Fat Fish."

"If you still have the draft paper I wrote to you, you should be able to confirm my identity through handwriting comparison."

"I am very glad to receive your letter after a few years, but I would like to explain to you that I have suffered from severe asthma in the past few years, and my family has arranged for a vacation in a remote place, and I have not gradually recovered until recently. "

"I'm currently traveling in Europe, if you want to find me for anything, just send it to the original address.

"My assistant will forward the letter to me, but due to travel problems, there may be some delay in the time for me to reply."

"As for the dividend guinea, I'll deposit it with you first."

Finish writing these.

Xu Yun paused and re-examined the content.

After making sure that all the miscellaneous matters have been explained, he continued to write:

"The mathematical tools you have invented are really amazing. This is a height that I am far from reaching independently. Please allow me to pay you high respect here."

"However, as for the barrel experiment you mentioned, I have some other opinions."

"I can probably understand your thinking, and it seems quite subtle at first glance. There are a total of these six incremental thinking."

"But has it ever occurred to you that you have made a mistake in the fifth step?"

That's right.

Among the six derivations designed by Mavericks, the fifth step has a fatal flaw.

in the fifth step.

Mavericks sees water, buckets, and space as a system.

But in fact.

The correct compositional conclusion of this system would be water, buckets, and everything else in the universe.

The inertia of water is a result of the interaction of the water with the bucket and with everything else in the universe.

In other words.

The rotational angular velocity Ω of this water body is relative to the angular velocity of all the matter in the whole universe except water.

Then Xu Yun pondered for a while, and wrote the thoughts of the rebuttal in the letter:

"We assume that this universe only has this bucket of water and this bucket."

"Then you have an experiment where the relative motion of the water in the bucket is greatest at the beginning, and the surface of the water immediately becomes concave."

"As the relative motion between the water and the bucket decreases, the water surface gradually becomes flat. The angular velocity calculated at the beginning of the experiment is the velocity of the water body relative to the bucket."

"In other words, your so-called absolute space is actually a bucket reference system when there is no other matter in the universe."

"Then let's assume that we are still in our universe, but the mass of our bucket is a little smaller than the ear, and it is as big as the earth."

"Then the bucket starts turning and the water level starts changing immediately."

"Then the spin angular momentum of the central mass and the orbital angular momentum of the surrounding mass will conform to a certain function, that is, the sum of the rotational inertia of all matter in the universe is 0."

Friends who have taken postgraduate physics should know.

Xu Yun's explanation is an eigen-reference point theory that is very friendly to beginners.

That is to say, the frame of reference within the target region boundary is defined as the intrinsic reference point of the region.

The intrinsic reference point has a common motion as a whole, and the acceleration produced by various external forces is also the same.

Therefore, the relative positions of the intrinsic reference points do not change.

Assuming that the intrinsic reference point emerges out of nowhere—static, analyze its force and motion to make it always static.

Then its force and acceleration correspond to balance and offset.

As for the second example mentioned by Xu Yun, it is actually an astronomical concept called "drag effect", which belongs to the cutting-edge theory of space-time curvature.

Actually in the hereafter.

It was a 48-year long experiment that gave the calf barrel theory the final blow.

This experiment is called Gravity Probe B.

Its core purpose is to precisely measure geodesic drift and inertial reference frame drag near the Earth to quantitatively test general relativity.

Its main device is an extremely precise gyroscope placed on a satellite that orbits in a circle and passes over the earth's north and south poles.

At an altitude of 642 kilometers above Earth, it measures the rotation of the gyroscope's axis relative to the background sky.

Calculated according to general relativity.

The geodesic drift of the gyro axis and the drag of the inertial frame of reference on this satellite are 1.8 per thousand degrees per year and 1.1 per 100,000 degrees per year, respectively.

Gravity Probe B was hosted by Professor Everitt of Stanford University from 1963 to 2011.

Supported by NASA for the first 45 years, it is also the longest project supported by NASA, costing a total of 750 million US dollars.

In the past three years, it was raised by a Saudi prince who received a PhD degree at Stanford University, costing more than 30 million US dollars.

What?

You ask why you spent 750 million in the early 45 years, but only 30 million in the last three years?

Don't ask, it's inflation.

Of course.

Although there is a lot of oil and water in this plan, the funds that will eventually be implemented are still a very large number.

But while Gravity Probe B took a lot of time and money, the results were not ideal.

According to the original stated goal.

Gravity Probe B can provide geodesic drift data with an accuracy of 0.01%, and inertial reference frame drag data with an accuracy of 1%.

The accuracy of the final results is only 0.28% and 19%, respectively, which is more than 20 times worse than the expected accuracy.

But on the other hand.

Although the accuracy varies greatly, it still successfully falsifies the conclusion that "once the axis of a gyroscope without external interference points to a certain direction in the background starry sky, it will always maintain this direction" with the gyroscope.

As a result, Mavericks' absolute space-time view was completely negated in reality—combined with the theoretical argument, this is a complete conclusion.

By the way.

Everitt came to China in the early 1980s, hoping to hire a well-known Chinese gyroscope expert in the Seventh Machinery Department.

But this request was eventually rejected by us, because we were worried that those experts would not come back.

The expert that Everitt once fell in love with was Gao Bolong, a pioneer who made amazing achievements for China's fighter jet industry, and a real meritorious service.

Three years before Gao's death, he was interviewed by Southern Weekly.

In the interview, he said something very touching:

"They (across the sea) proposed fifty times the annual salary, which was settled in US dollars. At that time, we were short of foreign exchange to the point of selling blood. The foreign exchange reserve in 80 years was a negative 1.3 billion—well, it was negative. .”

"So I discussed it with the minister, and I said to the minister, if I go to the other side of the sea, I probably won't be able to come back in this lifetime. I think it's a good deal to exchange such a large amount of foreign exchange with me. I have this awareness , why don't you think about it?"

"The minister scolded me on the spot and told me not to even think about it. People like you can help the country a lot in the future. It would be a sinner to let you out for that little foreign exchange!"

"Later, I stayed in the country and lived up to the country's expectations. How much we fly in the sky has something to do with me. I will be able to explain when I see the minister in a few years."

How lamentable and respectable.

The topic is back to the original place.

In fact, follow the normal track.

Mavericks insisted on his absolute view of time and space until his death, and this kind of questioning situation would not appear in theory.

So it's obvious.

Mavericks' original firm concept must have been broken by some circumstances, which caused him some shakes that he couldn't calm down and let go of.

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help but put his eyes on the end of Maverick's letter, and paused for a few seconds on the sentence about dispersion phenomenon.

well known.

The interaction between substances is realized through the field, so it is called field interaction for short.

Field speed is the speed of field propagation. It is generally believed that the speed of light is the same as the field speed, and light is the electromagnetic field in propagation.

In other words.

In the absolute space-time view of Maverick, the attribute of light is the particle.

And judging from the end of Maverick's letter.

He seems to have discovered some abnormalities in the properties of light by studying dispersion phenomena?

"This should be the most likely situation"

inside the space.

Xu Yun frowned slightly while touching his chin:

"It's just that Mavericks didn't mention the anomaly he found in the dispersion phenomenon in the letter. If he did the double-slit interference experiment, let alone the difficulty of doing this experiment in the 17th century, his tone is absolutely impossible. so hesitant"

Think here.

Xu Yun hesitated for a moment, thinking about something in his mind.

Finally picked up a pen and paper and wrote the last sentence on the letter:

"Mr. Newton, although I don't know your doubts, but have you thought about it?"

"Properties of light."

"Is it possible that the two situations coexist?"