Into Unscientific

Chapter 230 The third genius in the history of human physics!

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Look at the prompt of the light curtain in front of you.

The muscles on Xu Yun's face twitched a few times, and his mood was slightly subtle.

Is this considered a flag?

Actually tell the truth.

Judging from the information he had at the time, Xu Yun's derivation was not too problematic:

When Will and Thomson announced their names, the ring did not give any hints. At the same time, Thomson made it clear that he was going to Cambridge to find an old professor.

Considering that the mainline characters must be related to Thomson, Halo also seems to like to discover some unpopular characters.

Xu Yun thought of Hopkins in this way, the derivation process is completely reasonable, and there are no major omissions to be found.

The result was unexpected.

The name Will is actually a vest, and the real identity of this Scottish youth is actually Maxwell!

That's Maxwell

In the 21st century that Xu Yun traveled through.

There are two issues that have always been quite controversial among the people. Basically, as soon as they are raised, there will inevitably be conflicts.

One is the contest between sweet, salty and spicy tofu.

The second is which of Newton and Einstein is the greatest scientist in history.

Mentioned long ago.

"Nature" did not select the 20 greatest physicists since the millennium in 2000. That was a rumor from the Tianya Forum.

Because for websites and magazines, no one dares to characterize this issue in an official capacity.

But on the other hand.

Although those journal websites will not stand on their own, they occasionally provide a platform and organize some activities for people in the industry to vote.

For example, Physics World and Physics Web Survey often do this kind of thing.

From 1999 to present.

There are 29 selections by scientists organized by the core journals in the Q1 area of the JCR division.

B-C TV station had organized two selections in 2007 and 2011 before they produced the ICONS column before those underworld operations.

29+2=31.

This number is the total number of scientists selected by authoritative journals and media organizations since the beginning of the new century.

And in these 31 selections.

The calf or the old cow has occupied the first place 14 times, and Einstein has 17 times.

The fight between the two is inseparable.

And while the first two gods were fighting back and forth, there was one person who was as stable as Mount Tai in the position of the third.

He is Maxwell.

In these 31 selections.

Except that Galileo took four times and Planck took three times.

The third place in the remaining 24 selections was all Maxwell without exception.

So how awesome is Maxwell?

Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on June 13, 1831.

His father was a defense attorney named James Clark.

The reason why Maxwell has an extra "Maxwell" surname is because the Clark family and the Maxwell family have a deep relationship.

For example, Little Maxwell's great-grandmother came from the Maxwell family, and Little Maxwell's father also inherited some estates from the Maxwell family.

However, although Maxwell was from a wealthy family when he was a child, he was often ridiculed by his peers because of his strong accent and other issues.

So he has a withdrawn personality and doesn't like to talk very much.

When I was 8 years old.

Maxwell's mother fell ill and died, causing him to become even more reticent.

Fortunately though.

Maxwell's father did not give up his love for him, but actively encouraged and accompanied him to grow up, and sent him to Edinburgh Public School.

When I was 15 years old.

Maxwell published his first paper "The Oval Line" in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

1847.

16-year-old Maxwell entered the University of Edinburgh as he wished.

Since then, he has won the first grade for four consecutive years, and at the same time won the Calm Gold Medal of the Scottish University four times in a row-this is what Thomson won once.

1850.

The University of Edinburgh stated that our small temple cannot accommodate this big Buddha, or Maishen, you should choose another place.

At this time, the board of directors of Cambridge University is discussing whether to abolish the diet students of Trinity College - after all, only Mavericks has passed the examination in the past two hundred years since this thing was young, and it is basically equal to nothing when it is set up. What's the point.

under such circumstances.

Someone made a suggestion:

Anyway, it doesn't cost money, why don't you let classmate Mai come and try?

If even he can't do it, then just cancel it.

So Maxwell transferred to Cambridge University under the escort of William Thomson, and finally passed the examination smoothly, becoming the second student of Trinity College after the calf.

After entering school.

He was first absorbed into the Cambridge Apostolic Society of Cambridge University and became a glorious Cambridge Apostle.

At the age of 23.

Maxwell graduated from the Mathematics Department of Trinity College, Cambridge University, and this is one of the few places where many people question Maxwell:

When Xiaomai graduated, his grades were only the second in his grade.

This is like in an online novel where a genius joins the sect, and the sect sends elders all the way to escort him, and when he joins the sect, he will be among the core disciples, and his skills and resources will be full.

As a result, he only won the second place in the Zongmen Grand Competition, which made him feel a little sorry for his previous aura.

But in fact, there is another hidden story behind this matter, which is far from being as simple as it seems.

It’s just that for some reason, many databases in China have hidden this content.

Fortunately, as a historical celebrity, Maxwell has detailed introductions in many authoritative foreign language journals:

At that time, the British university degree was called Honors Degree, which is an honorary degree.

Honors degrees are divided into four classes, with the first class being the highest and the fourth class being the lowest.

At that time, the college's requirement for wheat was to obtain the first-class degree, that is, the First Honors Degree.

The entire examination period lasts for 22 days and covers 11 subjects.

Among them, there are 3 compulsory exams, and the full score of all subjects is 100 points, that is, the total score is 1100 points.

The minimum score for a first-class degree is 770 points. As long as the three required subjects are included in the tested subjects and the total score reaches the standard, the remaining subjects can be given up.

As a result, Mai's father suddenly became critically ill during the exam, so Mai, who was eager to go home, only took eight courses during the entire exam.

After reaching the first-class degree mark, he gave up the remaining three exams and rushed back to Edinburgh.

Wheat scored 793 points in eight subjects, and the first one scored 837 points in 11 subjects

If Xiaomai finishes the remaining three subjects, the score will be 100% and will steadily exceed 1000.

So it's not really a black spot.

In 1855 after graduation, Maxwell read Faraday's book "Experimental Research in Electricity".

He was attracted by various electromagnetic induction experiments in the book, and officially began to study electromagnetism.

Since then, it has been unstoppable and has started its own road to hanging on the wall.

1855.

Maxwell published a paper "On Faraday's Lines of Force".

For the first time, he tried to introduce mathematical forms into Faraday's concept of lines of force, thus initially establishing the mathematical relationship between electricity and magnetism.

This article attracted the attention of the physics community and was praised by Faraday himself.

1862.

Maxwell published his second paper, "On the Lines of Force in Physics".

in this paper.

He proposed new concepts such as "displacement current" and "electromagnetic field" for the first time, and gave a more complete mathematical expression of electromagnetic theory.

1864.

Maxwell published his third paper, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field."

This paper not only gave Maxwell's equations, but also proposed the concept of "electromagnetic wave" for the first time.

Later, he also wrote the book "The General Theory of Electromagnetism", established the first physics laboratory of Cambridge University - Cavendish Laboratory, and served as the first director of the laboratory.

It's worth mentioning though.

Maxwell was not, in fact, treated with the respect befitting of his status when he was alive.

Quite the opposite.

At that time, even within Cambridge College, many people believed that he was following crooked ways.

How glamorous he was when he entered Trinity College, how bleak he was in middle age.

Because his theories are too profound and complex, and the formulas are too abstract, it is difficult for the public to understand.

Therefore, when Newtonian mechanics was still dominant, it was not widely recognized by the public.

In the year of Maxwell's death, when he was still unremittingly promoting the theory of electromagnetic waves, only 2 audiences were willing to listen to his lectures.

One was a graduate student from across the sea, and the other was Fleming, who later invented the electron tube.

to some extent.

Maxwell is a bit like Dr. Nezu who discovered Zilda gas in "Ultraman Tiga". The direction of his research is of great significance, but in reality he is an outcast.

November 5, 1879.

Maxwell died of stomach cancer in Cambridge at the age of just .

48 years old.

If wheat can live for more than ten or twenty years, the pattern of the whole world may be different.

Because in the ninth year after his death, the young German physicist Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves for the first time through experiments, which truly verified the correctness of Maxwell's theory.

since then.

Maxwell's contribution and status have just been recognized by the whole world.

It's a pity that God is jealous of talents, Maxwell died too early too early.

all in all.

Maxwell's life can be regarded as a typical V-shape.

That is to say, he was very famous when he was young, fell into a trough in middle age after being exposed to electromagnetism, and began to rise suddenly a few years after his death.

And because of this.

Only someone who wanted to put Maxwell to death during Thomson's escort process:

At this time, Maxwell was still a proper 'Heaven's Chosen', with thousands of auras in his body, it was too dazzling.

Take the concept of hereafter as an example.

At this time, Maxwell was almost 750 points in the college entrance examination, 4.3 grade points in college every year, published ten papers in the first district during his undergraduate period, and was nominated for the Fields Medal.

Many people think that he can reach the height of the Mavericks in the future, and no matter how bad he is, he will also be a leader in a certain field.

Such a potential stock is in the pocket of Cambridge University, and naturally some people want to make a move outside the market.

After all, there are precedents for this kind of black hand practice in the academic circles both at home and abroad. It involves the double dark side of humanity and interests, and the loss to the history of human science is immeasurable.

For example, Maverick was poisoned when he was Professor Lucas, Mr. Qian was assassinated twice when he returned to China, and Zhang Shoucheng, Ren Wei, and Xiao Xiang passed away. (If you are interested, you can search for these people by yourself. They are too sensitive and will not be detailed in the text.)

Even in 1832, which was very close to the timeline of the copy, another genius had just fallen into a shameful conspiracy:

This person is Galois.

He is a super genius in the history of mathematics, but it is a pity that he and Abel were tricked by Cauchy first, and then they met Stephanie, the king of the sea, and fell into a trap by mistake:

At that time, someone sent him a letter of challenge as a "rival in love", expressing that he would fight him in a shootout.

Galois was under the black hand in the duel, and he chose a pistol without bullets, and his opponent was a soldier with superb marksmanship.

In the end, Galois was shot three times in the abdomen, and died after being sent to the hospital. He was only 21 years old.

And not long before the duel, Galois wrote a suicide note according to the duel requirements-he perfected the group theory in only three days, and forever engraved his name on the milestone in the history of mathematics.

In the long history of science, there are too many similar examples.

Under the seemingly calm ocean surface, there are undercurrents surging almost all the time.

The topic is back to the original place.

In the academic and historical circles of later generations, Maxwell has been endowed with a very high status.

In particular, the Maxwell equations he summarized, like the author's ear root, are the most important in the industry.

In 2004, the British scientific journal Physics World held an event:

Let readers choose the greatest formula in the history of science. (You can search for the greatest equations ever on the official website of Physics World, but there are actually twenty, and many articles have been simplified into "Top Ten Greatest Equations")

As a result, Maxwell's equations overwhelmed giants in the field of equations such as mass-energy equations, Euler's formula, Newton's second law, Pythagorean theorem, and Schrödinger's equation, ranking first.

But on the other hand.

To some extent, like Old Su, Maxwell is also a figure with serious information barriers.

After leaving the academic and historical circles, many ordinary people are more confused:

Are Maxwell's equations really that powerful?

how to say

Maxwell's equations are not well-known among the people, and most of them suffer from the content.

Look at Lord Niu's three laws, we can understand it when we were in middle school.

In other words, the formula revolves around "F=ma", which is very simple.

Eros' "relativity"

Although many people don't understand the specific content, but it is very high-end, and it is always three-dimensional and four-dimensional in time and space.

The formula, E=mc^2, at least looks simple and easy to remember.

What about Maxwell's equations?

Take a look at its credits:

∮sD·dA=Qfs

∮sB·dA=0

∮sE·dL=-(φbs)/T

∮sH·dL=Ifs+(φds)/T

The above is an "improved" version by the genius physicist Oliver Heaviside. The original version of Maxwell's equations has 20 equations, which is even more terrible.

For example, casually explain the third formula:

The left side represents the electric flux through the closed surface S, and E is the electric field strength.

We divide the closed surface with area S into many small pieces, and each small piece is represented by da, then the electric flux passing through each small piece area can be written as E·da.

Putting an integral sign means adding up the electric fluxes of all the small pieces, so that the electric flux passing through the entire closed surface S is obtained.

The s with the enc subscript on the right indicates the amount of charge contained in the closed surface, and ε0 is a constant.

Because this closed surface S can be chosen arbitrarily, it can be large or small, it can be a spherical surface or a variety of closed surfaces in a mess, and thus the divergence is derived.

Furthermore, the divergence of the electric field E at a point is defined as the electric flux of the electric field through this infinitesimal surface divided by the volume

Are you dizzy?

It's right to be dizzy.

So most people don't understand what it means at all, let alone its value. (Students who really want to know more recommend a book, "Illustrated Intuitive Mathematics Translation Collection: Maxwell's Equations Intuitive", about 20 yuan)

Once a certain character or content cannot appear in junior high or high school textbooks, the scope of his dissemination will be greatly limited.

Generally speaking.

Maxwell's greatest contribution is to participate in the foundation of electromagnetic theory.

Clarified the truth about light, electricity, and magnetism, and finally helped humans control electromagnetic waves.

Without Maxwell, there would be no widespread application of electromagnetic waves or it would be many years later.

There will be no cell phones, radios, radios, microwave ovens, radars, vibrating eggs, satellites, CT...

Human society will be completely different.

The development of history will also have another ending.

all in all.

In the history of science, it is generally believed that Newton unified the laws of motion in the sky and on the ground, which was the "first" great unification.

Maxwell's unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics is the "second" unification, and its status is evident.

Another little Easter egg.

If you look back at the dates of Maxwell's birth and death, you will find two striking coincidences:

The year Maxwell was born, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

Einstein was born the year Maxwell died.

Sometimes fate is really magical.

The line of sight is returning to the original place.

all in all.

Now with the appearance of Xu Yun, the disaster of classmate Mai Mai has been passed smoothly, and the next step is a smooth journey.

at the same time.

The halo has also undergone subsequent changes

[Dungeon main task is being generated]