Into Unscientific

Chapter 254 Lifting, You Can Lift It (82K)

Chapter 254 Lifting, You Can Lift It (8.2K)

"Appetizer? Dinner?"

Hearing these two words that came out of Xu Yun's mouth.

In the hearts of Lao Fa, Stokes, and other professors, a sense of strangeness emerged at the same time.

The measurement of the speed of light, which is enough to shock the scientific world, is just an appetizer in Xu Yun's mouth?

What are you kidding? !

Don't look at the word speed of light, which seems very lofty.

But in fact, it is a piece of data belonging to the nature of the physical 'base'.

For one thing, it represents an upper limit to the movement of light.

In other words, there is an upper limit to the transmission of information and energy.

That is, what happens in different regions of the universe will not reach the earth or any planet with life in an instant, and the creatures will not be "overwhelmed" by the massive amount of information.

In this way.

The macrocosm can operate normally—from the perspective of future generations, it should be said that the evolution of life can proceed normally.

The second is the use in geometric optics. There are a large number of formulas in the theory that need to use the definition of the speed of light.

This definition may not produce straightforward numerical results, but it will constitute the rules and regulations of the theoretical model, and its importance is self-evident.

Therefore, after Lao Fa and others calculated the results, their moods were generally very complicated:

They were surprised that Xu Yun was able to finalize the long-debated calculation of the speed of light in the scientific community, and felt disappointed that the efforts of people like themselves could not compare with Fat Yu's plan more than a hundred years ago.

I am also delighted that related theories and even human science and technology will get a substantial development.

The result was unexpected.

This is an ingenious plan that is enough to be recorded in the annals of history, and the proposer will undoubtedly win the Copley Medal.

TMD is not a staple food?

It's like the heroine in the book thinks that the other party has entered everything, but in fact only a small part of it has been entered.

It's a very subtle feeling.

Therefore, after learning that more than half of it was not filled in, Lao Fa suddenly felt a complex emotion of fear mixed with anticipation.

The appetizer is so exciting, how about the main course?

Old Fa even touched the inner pocket of his chest, where there were two tablets of nitroglycerin specially provided by the British royal family.

Then he was silent for a moment, took a deep breath, and said to Xu Yun:

"Student Luo Feng, what experiment are we going to do next?"

Xu Yun glanced at Angus Roman not far away, then turned to William Whewell and asked:

"Mr. Whewell, have you got all the other equipment I asked you to prepare?"

William Whewell was chatting and laughing with Stokes, when he heard this, he raised his waist pants and said softly:

"Don't worry, it has been prepared long ago, but there are still a few small modules that are quite special, and they have been stored in the laboratory for the time being."

"I have arranged for Thomson to take someone to pick it up in person, and he should be back within ten minutes."

William Whewell's expression at this time was very kind, with an irrepressible joy in the corners of his eyes.

He just learned about the significance of the photometry experiment from Stokes, and the current situation has little to do with Angus Roman's doubts.

That is to say, no matter whether Xu Yun can produce evidence to refute the wave theory, it will not have much impact on his identity as a "offspring of fat fish".

After all, this scheme for calculating the speed of light is so ingenious, who else could have come up with it except Fat Fish?

It can't be Luo Feng himself, right?

Under the background that the concept of wave-particle duality has been put forward, the importance of this experiment may not be much less than the evidence to refute the wave theory.

This is like someone in later generations who solved Goldbach's conjecture, and after all the calculations, Hodge's conjecture was proved.

Even if he can't solve Brother Guess in the end, isn't he a top mathematician?

The answer is obviously no.

Of course.

In the past, Stokes and others made judgments based on existing concepts without knowing Xu Yun's next arrangement.

all in all.

In front of Xu Yun's appetizer.

Prim's ultimate combo, which was issued by Angus Roman, had actually lost its effect on William Whewell.

This means that he has preserved the dignity of the dean of Trinity College, and he is still eligible to run for the new principal at this time.

How could this make him unhappy?

So before Xu Yun spoke.

He first arranged for Thomson to go to the laboratory in person, and asked him to carry the equipment requested by Xu Yun to the site.

ten minutes later.

Thomson and Mai returned to the open space with a few boxes.

clang clang clang---

soon.

Several parts, metal sheets with no specific material, metal spheres, and a wooden load-bearing frame the size of a piano were placed on the open space.

Xu Yun put on latex gloves and began to assemble the equipment himself.

While rubber gloves weren't invented until 1889, latex gloves doped with basic lead carbonate had been around for 11 years.

In addition, these parts have been debugged in the laboratory, so the combination is not particularly troublesome.

After more than ten minutes.

A simple electrolytic cell appeared on the wooden table where the flashlight was previously placed.

The electrolytic cell is about the size of the food delivery box equipped by the food delivery staff of later generations. It is wrapped in black bandages and filled with solution.

The solution is divided into two areas by a thin film in the middle, and a metal plate is inserted in each area.

The size and appearance of the metal plates are all the same, obviously according to the pre-arranged specifications.

Then Xu Yun invited Thomson to whisper a few words, and asked him to assemble another set of experimental equipment first.

After Lao Tang left.

Xu Yun nodded to the big bosses around him, and said:

"Prince Albert, Mr. Faraday, Dean Whewell, oh yes, and Senior Roman, we can start the next stage of the experiment."

Lao Fa took another step forward, and was the first to come to the side of the equipment.

As an expert in electricity, he is very familiar with electrolytic cells.

With his hands behind his back, he approached the electrolytic cell for a few glances, even sniffed with his nose, and judged:

"Is this an acid solution?"

Xu Yun nodded and added:

"To be precise, it is a mixed solution of silver chloride and fluorosilicic acid."

Old Fajian said that he looked at the metal plate placed in the solution again, and stayed on it for a moment:

"Platinum electrode?"

Xu Yun gave him a thumbs up and praised him:

"You have really good eyesight, that's right, it's the platinum electrode."

Lao Fa ignored Xu Yun's flattery, his brows were slightly frowned, and a puzzled look flashed in his eyes.

Platinum electrodes, silver chloride, and fluorosilicic acid, what do these have to do with light?

Looking at the old Fa who was deep in thought, Xu Yun tentatively asked:

"Professor Faraday, shall I start now?"

Only then did Lao Fa come back to his senses, looked around, and quickly said:

"Okay, let's get started."

Xu Yun informed Prince Albert and the others next to him, and took a bright flashlight and an ammeter from Mai Mai.

Follow the original timeline.

Weber invented the two-wire ammeter in 1841, and the electric power meter in 1846, which is an important node in the history of electronic components.

These two nodes are neither advanced nor delayed in the current dungeon, so it is not surprising that Cambridge University can produce a high-precision ammeter.

Then Xu Yun connected the ammeter to the electrolytic cell, turned on the flashlight, calibrated it and stuffed it into Mai Mai's hand:

"Hold it and don't let go."

Mai Mai let out a naive oh, and became a tool man.

See this situation.

A question mark popped up in Lao Fa's head:

"?"

What kind of operation is it that the electrolytic cell is irradiated with light without electricity?

However, Xu Yun had done the experiment of measuring the speed of light with a rotating mirror before, so Lao Fa and everyone continued to watch it patiently.

One minute

five minutes.

ten minutes.

When the time came to the thirteenth minute.

Old Fa yawned and was about to speak.

But before he spoke, there seemed to be something dancing in the corner of his eyes.

He subconsciously turned his head to look.

The moment he saw the situation clearly, Lao Fa's scalp went numb:

Only at this moment.

The pointer in the ammeter, which had no response at first, was beating weakly and persistently!

Lao Fa's actions quickly attracted the attention of other professors, and gradually some people followed suit to focus on the ammeter.

"Look at the ammeter!"

"Hallelujah, where did the electromotive force come from?!"

"It's worse than hanging, what kind of thing is this?"

"The ammeter is moving, I won't play anymore, wdnmd!"

finally.

Mai Mai answered everyone's questions in a simple manner:

"It's so strange, why is there a current in the electrolytic cell when there is no electricity?"

Swish——

next second.

All eyes were locked on Xu Yun.

Even William Whewell's eyes were full of curiosity.

Although his knowledge in natural sciences is limited, he knows a little about the principles of the electrolytic cell.

An electrolytic cell, an electrolytic cell, naturally cannot work without electricity.

But right now, Xu Yun just relied on a bright flashlight to re-energize the electrolytic cell—or is it a potential difference?

Looking at the curious baby-like eyes of each big boss, Xu Yun raised his head and looked up for a few seconds.

Why.

There are only less than 4,000 words, so there is no way to talk about it in the next chapter.

So he sighed slightly, and said to Lao Fa:

"One morning more than a hundred years ago, the ancestor of Fat Fish immersed two platinum electrodes in the electrolyte solution to adjust the equipment for an electrolysis experiment."

"At that time, someone happened to come to visit, so Ancestor Fat Fish conveniently put the unpowered electrolytic cell on the window sill."

"As a result, when he returned to the original place after meeting with guests, he suddenly found that there was a potential difference in the electrolytic cell!"

"So he eliminated external causes one by one by controlling variables, and finally confirmed one thing"

Said here.

Xu Yun paused, looked around, and made a final decision:

"When the platinum electrode is irradiated by light, it will generate an electromotive force. There must be a special close relationship between the electrical properties of the material and the light wave!"

I heard this.

There was another eerie silence at the scene.

A few seconds passed.

Lao Fa gave Xu Yun a complicated look, and asked:

"Did Mr. Fat Fish name this phenomenon?"

Xu Yun nodded and explained:

"Yes, the ancestors of Fat Fish called this phenomenon the photovoltaic effect, or photovoltaic effect for short."

Lao Fa turned his gaze to the electrolytic cell that was gurgling, and murmured:

"Photovoltaic. Conductor"

That's right.

The second experiment that Xu Yun demonstrates this time is precisely the photovoltaic effect!

The discovery of the photovoltaic effect in the native land was in 1839, and Alexander Becquerel saw this phenomenon by accident.

The phenomenon of the effect is as demonstrated by Xu Yun:

Put the two platinum electrodes into the electrolyte and irradiate them with light, and an electromotive force will appear in the electrolytic cell.

But in this timeline.

Influenced by Mavericks.

The field of electronic components has developed at an extremely high speed. Becquerel's father, Anton Sisar Becquerle, participated in the invention of the electric light, so Alexander Becquerel also missed the opportunity to discover the photovoltaic effect . (No one noticed this foreshadowing, Sang Xin.)

Of course.

Now that Alexander Becquerel is mentioned, another person has to be mentioned:

Madame Curie.

1903.

In recognition of the discovery of the element radium, the Nobel Prize Organizing Committee awarded the Nobel Prize to Becquerel and the Curie couple.

Among them, Becquerel ranked first, Pierre Curie, the husband of Mrs. Curie, ranked second, and Mrs. Curie herself ranked third.

And Mrs. Curie's name was added by Becquerel only at the strong request of her husband Pierre.

But actually.

Becquerel's wave of awards has a lot of water, and it can be regarded as the first batch of examples of mixed works.

The reason he won the Nobel Prize is simple:

He discovered natural radioactivity in 1896 and led related research.

but actually

Becquerel identified this phenomenon as fluorescence, and ignored it at all. The Curies were the ones who contributed the most to the discovery of radium.

In addition, it is also a lie that later generations rumored that Pierre and Becquerel worked closely together.

Pierre has always hated Becquerel. If the Swedish mathematician Robbie Gallagher hadn’t told Pierre the content of the nomination letter, Pierre might not have known who was nominated until the awards were presented.

As for what happened next, everyone should have heard about it.

1906.

Pierre Curie was hit by a carriage on the road and died on the spot.

Marie Curie reunited with her student Lang Zhiwan after several years of widowhood.

It is human nature to form another family after the death of her husband, not to mention that Mrs. Curie is not seamless, the shortest is more than three years.

However, Lang Zhiwan was a married man at the time, which caused a lot of criticism on their love story.

November 7, 1911.

Reuters reported that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded to Marie Curie this year.

Results November 23.

Mrs. Lang Zhiwan published a love letter from Mrs. Curie to Lang Zhiwan in the newspaper through her brother.

since then.

The Gallic press began to report on Marie Curie's "mysterious love affair" with Langevin, and began to publish a large number of her letters.

Some Gauls also raided her house and threw stones at her windows.

A group of Gaul scientists who originally supported Madame Curie also began to change their positions, and they jointly wrote a letter asking Marie to leave France.

As a result, Mrs. Curie was not elected as an academician of the Gaul Academy of Sciences, but fled to a monastery in Gaul and hid for 14 months before she survived the wind.

That's when the insulting term 'Polish slut' appeared.

Here's another little bit of a joke.

After Lang Zhiwan separated from Madame Curie, his wife agreed that Lang Zhiwan could openly have a lover other than Madame Curie as a condition to save the failed marriage.

after many years.

In order to support his lover, Langevin had the cheek to ask Madame Curie to arrange a position for this female student in the institute. (CNKI:SUN:KXSJ.0.2014-07-019)

There are wonderful flowers every year, especially in the early 20th century.

alright.

The line of sight returns to the original place.

Strictly speaking, the photovoltaic effect has no direct relationship with the theory of fluctuations, but it is a step that cannot be ignored.

Firstly, this is a transition in thinking, to prevent these bigwigs from having a heart attack after suddenly seeing certain phenomena, causing a tragedy in the history of human science.

In addition, for

Inspire old ways.

do not forget.

The concept of semiconductor was put forward by the old law.

Look at his vibrating frequency like Wu's second child, is it a proper "epiphany" in fantasy novels?

Afterwards, several professors came to the electrolytic cell one after another and observed the phenomenon again.

Stokes even touched the platinum electrode plate with his hands, and retracted his fingers with a whimper. (It is not recommended to try it. It generally feels a bit like the leaky metal main chassis. Don’t ask me how I know it. It’s the old iron)

"It's really strange."

Touching his sore fingers, Stokes frowned suddenly and said:

"Why does a current flow inside the solution when the platinum electrode is irradiated with light?"

"According to Mr. Ampere's theory, the light creates a closed circuit with potential difference inside the electrolytic cell?"

Another professor at the side took two steps forward, stretched his head and glanced into the electrolytic cell.

This person is called Bart Burrigs, who is currently ranked among the top five physics experts at Cambridge University, and is also well-known in Europe.

He pondered for a moment and analyzed:

"Is it possible that it is a thin layer of impurities from the surface of the chip? For example, doped with heat source effect?"

Lao Fa quickly shook his head, denying this guess:

"The light from the flashlight should not reach the level that causes changes in the thin layer of impurities. At most, the bromide and iodide will decompose briefly to produce an electrical effect, but it cannot last for a long time."

Then he glanced at Xu Yun, who was "behaved. JPG", and reached out to pick up a clean platinum electrode from the table.

He slightly curled his slender index finger and tapped on it:

"It is therefore clear that within a metal plate such as a platinum electrode, there must be conditions where a self-owned field can form."

Seeing this, Stokes couldn't help asking:

"Mr. Faraday, did you think of something?"

A trace of hesitation immediately appeared on Lao Fa's face, as if he was engaged in some ideological struggle, and finally said:

"Just some vague guesswork"

"I don't think there is such a possibility. For example, there are some charges in the platinum electrode. They were originally kept in a relatively balanced closed state, so they did not show the charged property."

"Excited in the presence of light—or is the junction of equilibrium interrupted, causing a potential difference?"

"However, in this way, the actual environment stimulated may not be visible to the naked eye."

Seeing the eloquent old Fa, Xu Yun remained silent.

However, the clenched hands showed that his heart was not at peace at the moment.

well known.

The essence of the photovoltaic phenomenon is attributed to the atomic energy band structure, which involves the concept of valence band and conduction band.

The so-called valence band refers to the region relatively close to the nucleus.

The electrons here are tightly attracted and cannot escape easily.

The conduction band is the region away from the nucleus, where the electrons are unregulated and relatively free.

If an electric field is applied to cause these electrons to run, the material conducts electricity.

In addition to these two regions, there is another region above the valence band and below the conduction band.

This region does not allow electrons to exist, that is, the forbidden band.

Therefore, in the self-heating world, there are generally two completely different materials:

A forbidden band is very narrow, or there is no forbidden band at all.

At room temperature, electrons in the outer shell of its valence band can easily transition to the conduction band.

This is the conductor.

On the contrary, if the material's forbidden band is very wide, generally greater than three electron volts, and electrons stay in the valence band obediently at room temperature, then it cannot conduct electricity.

This is an insulator.

A material with an energy gap of less than 3eV between the valence band and the conduction band is a semiconductor.

These electrons will form a thing called a PN junction, with different electrical properties at both ends, and then form an electric field from N to P.

This electric field is formed spontaneously, so it is also called the self-built electric field of the conductor.

As for the role of the photovoltaic effect, it is to make the paired valence band electrons be "tempted" again.

That is, the valence band electrons absorb the energy of light, the energy becomes higher, and they jump to the conduction band.

The holes that have escaped from the electrons will be thrown to both sides under the influence of the self-built electric field, forming an electric field from P to N.

This is the photogenerated electric field, and its direction is opposite to that of the self-built electric field.

At this time, as long as an external loop is connected, due to the existence of the potential difference, a current will be generated in the loop.

This is also the principle of photovoltaic power generation in later generations, but the utilization rate has not been increased, so it is only a developing project.

In 1850, when Laofa and the others lived, electrons were not even discovered. At most, Coulomb proposed the concept of charge, which is still a long way from real particles.

How can it not be surprising that the old method can rely on phenomena to connect to the inner 'knot'?

Actually.

This is not the first time Xu Yun has encountered such a situation.

Mavericks for computing infinitesimal quantities in the 1665 copy.

Lao Jia who deduced the curvature in the 1100 copy

Lao Su, who built a self-priming pump with primitive knowledge

In front of these scientific giants in human history, Xu Yun can always feel his own insignificance.

Compared with these real sages, he is just a lucky one who has obtained a special halo, and there is still a long, long way to go in the future.

Just when Xu Yun was feeling emotional, Thomson walked over quickly:

"Luo Feng, the other set of equipment you requested is ready."

Only then did Xu Yun regain his senses.

He first glanced at Angus Roman not far away.