Into Unscientific

"Gustav, add the outside field."

Hear Faraday's words.

Kirchhoff immediately went to the other side of the table and took out two electrodes.

These two electrodes are both made of metal, but the specific metal type cannot be seen. In short, it is either zinc or aluminum.

Their size is somewhat similar to the tablet computers of later generations, with a thickness of about two finger widths and some wires connected to the outside.

well known.

The research on cathode rays is actually a project with a long time span.

After Pluck discovered cathode rays in 1858.

It was not until early 1879 that Crookes would determine its energetic nature.

Then it would be more than a decade before JJ Thomson revealed its nature.

But today is different.

Although Xu Yun did not reveal all the secrets of cathode rays at once, he has already told Faraday many key thinking nodes through his identity as a 'fat fish'.

Therefore, Faraday can easily omit some meaningless time and maximize the efficiency of the experiment.

For example, from complex property studies, jumping directly to the current

Electrical testing.

After taking out two electrode plates.

Kirchhoff placed the two pieces carefully on either side of the vacuum tube, fixing them so they were parallel to each other.

After connecting the passage with the wires outside the vacuum tube, he took a few steps back and turned on the power.

soon.

With the electromotive force, an electric field develops between two charged metal plates.

A few more seconds passed.

The blue and white light in the vacuum tube gradually began to change, from the original straight light, it slowly began to bend.

After half a minute.

The deflection of the light has already turned a large number, which is clearly visible to the naked eye.

See this situation.

The pupils of Faraday, Weber and Gauss shrank at the same time!

Faraday held his right hand on the back of the chair and squeezed it even more tightly!

be honest.

From the perspective of the phenomenon itself, the deflection of cathode rays is actually very simple:

At this point it turns towards the metal plate on the left, opposite to the preset direction of the electric field, so it is clearly negatively charged.

But what surprised Faraday and others was not that the phenomenon was so simple on the surface, but because

Cathode rays are actually subjected to electric field force!

To know.

At the opening ceremony more than a month ago, Xu Yun had verified the theory of particles of light through the photoelectric effect.

At present, this experiment has spread throughout the European scientific research community, helping the particle theory and the wave theory to return to an equal position.

Against the background of this precondition, the cathode rays are also deflected, which explains one thing:

Cathode rays are particle streams of charged particles!

More critically.

Visible light has wave-particle duality, but its "particles" are not disturbed by electric and magnetic fields.

So so far, everyone can only use experiments to prove its physical properties, but it is difficult to 'capture' the existence of such particles.

But light, which is made up of charged particles, is different.

It is not as inaccessible as electric current, because light is a substance that can be observed by the naked eye-this is the wrong knowledge that Xu Yun deliberately led to form earlier.

In this way.

In addition to the charged properties of cathode rays, as long as physics and mathematics are combined, some detailed properties of the 'particles' can be researched!

Think here.

Faraday couldn't help but sighed deeply.

In fact, as early as 12 years ago, when the glow phenomenon was just discovered, he also tried to apply an electric field to the light.

However, the vacuum of the vacuum tube was low at that time, and the electric field caused the ionization of the residual gas.

Eventually led to the complete failure of related experiments.

It was the failure of this attempt that made Faraday completely give up the idea of ​​studying the glow phenomenon.

What did I miss at the beginning?

Then Faraday took a deep breath, forcibly put aside the exclamation in his heart for a while, turned around and said to Kirchhoff:

"Go on, Gustav."

Kirchhoff nodded, and stepped forward to take out a few more pieces of equipment.

One of them is an artificially modified magnetic pole, which is large but thin.

The other is an open copper barrel.

The structure of the copper barrel is so simple that it does not even need to be described in words, and its appearance is infinitely close to the miniature version of the soup iron barrel in the canteen of later generations.

But there is another name for the thing, it's called a Faraday cylinder.

It is combined with the electroscope to achieve the effect of verifying the electric quantity.

Kirchhoff then placed the entire magnetic pole under the test tube and attached the Faraday cylinder to the anode.

Seeing Kirchhoff tinkering with the equipment, Xu Yun suddenly thought of something.

He turned his head quietly, and glanced at William Weber who was beside him calmly.

But as it happens.

Wei Bo happened to be looking here at this time, and couldn't help but smile kindly after meeting Xu Yun's gaze:

"What's wrong, student Luo Feng?"

Seeing this, Xu Yun's expression froze, and he quickly waved his hands with a dry smile:

"It's okay, it's okay, there seems to be mosquitoes flying in the house, I just take a look."

Weber looked around suspiciously.

Now is the coldest end of December, can there still be mosquitoes?

After looking back.

Xu Yun bared his teeth lightly.

Although the reason for the mosquito is a bit ridiculous, he can't tell Weber. He suddenly thought that Kirchhoff was his assistant before, and now he has transferred to work under Faraday. He wants to see if Weber has any tauren performance.

cough cough

While Xu Yun and Weber were talking.

Kirchhoff, who was tinkering with the equipment, also clapped his hands and said to Faraday:

"Professor, the equipment is ready."

Faraday nodded, came to the edge of the table, and pointed to the Faraday tube at the anode end:

"Thank you, Gustav, let's start as planned."

Kirchhoff nodded, and quickly walked to the side of the Faraday barrel:

"Okay, Professor."

After Kirchhoff takes his place.

Faraday first blocked the magnetic pole, and then began to adjust the cathode ray so that it could enter the Faraday cage inside the anode through a slit.

At the same time, he raised his head and asked Kirchhoff:

"Are you ready, Gustav, I'm coming in."

"I'm fine, Professor."

"Okay, I'll count down to three, three.two.one!"

"Professor, the feedback is very intense, 20% 43% 59% 83% is almost full, and the professor will overflow if he keeps going!"

Click——

Faraday quickly stopped the radiation exposure, and gently wiped the sweat from his head.

Fortunately, I stopped quickly, or the electrometer would exceed the limit.

That's right, an electrometer.

No one should think of going elsewhere, right?

Then Faraday walked to the side of the electrometer and scanned the value table:

"9.6X10^6 Cullen Gustav, how much time has passed?"

Kirchhoff glanced at the stopwatch in his hand:

"15.6 seconds."

Faraday nodded slightly, motioning for Gustav to clear the calculator.

Then a thermocouple was added and the irradiation started a second time.

The whole process is much the same as the first time, the only variable is that as the light shines on, the thermocouple starts to heat up very quickly.

Faraday pinched the stopwatch and carefully remembered the count:

"12.513.415.6 seconds, stop!"

After calling to stop the time, Faraday looked at Kirchhoff and asked:

"Gustav, how much has the temperature increased?"

Kirchhoff leaned down slightly, and compared them carefully on the scale:

"Well 0.338 degrees."

Faraday wrote down the number in the notebook again, and drew a stalk under it with the tip of a pen.

Then I thought for a moment, and started the last link:

Unseal the magnetic pole that was sealed just now.

Students who have never scored zero in high school physics in future generations should know it.

If a charged particle is only subjected to magnetic force in a uniform magnetic field, it will do circular deflection motion.

The person who summarized this phenomenon is called Lorentz, so this force is also called Lorentz force.

It is worth mentioning that.

The correct pronunciation of this force should be Lorentz + force, that is, the name plus force.

Similar to Coulomb force, Ampere force and so on.

But maybe the name Lorenz is too subtle, so teachers and students, including many high school teachers, will call it Lorenz Magnetism.

In 1850, Lorentz would not be born for three years, so naturally the concept of Lorentz force could not be proposed yet.

But on the other hand.

Lorentz is the generalizer of the phenomenon of charged particles moving in a uniform magnetic field. He first put forward the view that moving charges generate magnetic fields and that magnetic fields have a force on moving charges, but he is not the discoverer of the phenomenon itself.

As early as 1822, the German Owens tried an experiment:

He put a small charged bead into a magnetic field and found that the bead would move in a circular arc.

The reason why Lorenz is famous in related fields is that his contribution is not as simple as proposing a conjecture, but because he summed up the formula F=qvB*sin(v, B).

Just like everyone said that Mavericks discovered gravity.

This sentence is actually a more popular interpretation, which is wrong in a strict sense.

But the general public has no need to touch on a deeper level, so there is such a relatively broad term.

In the history of science, there are not many people who can become gods by relying on pure theory.

So for Faraday and the others.

By adjusting the strength of the magnetic field, it is not a very difficult thing to balance the magnetic field force and the electric field force.

after applying the magnetic field.

Faraday turned off the metal electrodes again and observed the phenomenon.

soon.

Under the action of electromagnetic force, the rays start to deflect.

Faraday took a magnifying glass and a pre-made scale, and recorded the deflection graph.

The next thing is very simple.

I saw Faraday pick up the pen and paper, and wrote down a formula on the paper:

Q = Ne.

The origin of this formula is simple.

In the first step, Faraday used an electrometer to measure the amount of electricity Q obtained by the metal cylinder within a certain period of time.

If the number of particles entering the cylinder is N, and the electric charge carried by each particle is e, then Q is the product of N and e.

Then Faraday turned another page and wrote another formula:

W = N 1/2mv.

The meaning of this formula is also very simple:

After the same time, read the temperature rise. If the total kinetic energy W of the particles entering the cylinder is completely converted into heat energy due to collision, then the rising temperature can be used to calculate the total kinetic energy W.

Since a particle is a particle, its kinetic energy must conform to the kinetic energy formula. Let me tell you in advance that the kinetic energy formula was proposed in 1829.

Among them, m and v are the mass and velocity of the particle respectively, multiplied by the number of particles is the total kinetic energy.

Then only the radius of curvature R and the magnetic field strength H of the moving track of the particles deflected by the last magnetic pole are required.

Then you can get:

Hev=mv/R.

Substituting the above three formulas into each other, we can finally get a result:

e/m=(2w)/(HRQ) (Thanks to the starting point, now the background is finally optimized)

And e/m is.

Charge to mass ratio!

The so-called charge-to-mass ratio refers to the ratio of the charge to mass of a charged body, and is sometimes called a specific charge.

This is one of the important data of elementary particles, and it is also a key step for human beings to push away the microcosm.

When I was listening to Xu Yun's lecture on the wave equation, in order to make up for Faraday's mathematical level, I gave him a Gaussian soul-possessed patch.

But today, Gauss has arrived at the scene, so Xu Yun doesn't need to think about inviting God.

I saw Gauss took the pen and paper, and quickly calculated on the paper.

five minutes later.

The little old man casually dropped the pen, and lightly shook the paper on his hand.

Only at this moment.

A number was written on the paper impressively:

1.6638*10^11C/kg.

Just when Gauss was about to brag, a familiar voice suddenly sounded beside him:

"Ah, that's weird."