Into Unscientific

Chapter 298 History Was Kicked From Behind

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inside the laboratory.

With the exit of "Ah Lie Lie".

Almost at the same time, everyone's eyes were cast on Mai Mai.

Only at this moment.

In the last chapter, a certain idiot author did not arrange to appear, but the last chapter teleported to the scene. Mai was standing beside the table, staring at a certain direction motionlessly.

The mouth was slightly opened, with a ghostly expression on his face.

See this situation.

Faraday couldn't help but put down the tools in his hand, and asked Wheat:

"Student Maxwell, what's wrong with you?"

Faraday's voice brought Maimai's thoughts back to reality, and he opened his mouth first, as if he wanted to say something.

But after hesitating for a few seconds, he shook his head and said:

"Nothing nothing. Sorry, Professor Faraday, it seems that I have an illusion"

Then Mai Mai bit her lower lip with her upper front teeth, hesitated for a moment, pointed to the vacuum tube and added:

"Professor Faraday, can I try this equipment?"

Faraday looked up at this young Scottish man with social phobia, his expression thoughtful.

Intuition told him that the young man seemed to have discovered something unusual.

However, Xiaomai was obviously not sure about the unknown anomaly, so he came up with the idea of using the equipment.

Now Faraday has regarded Wheat as his half apprentice, and all the data that should be collected at this time has been collected, so he waved his hand generously and said:

"No problem, just use it."

Mai Mai thanked him:

"Thank you, Professor Faraday."

The voltage load of the high-voltage coil is very high, and it takes a certain cooling time to activate it again. It takes at least three to five minutes for the wheat to restart the vacuum tube.

So take advantage of this gap.

Faraday, Gauss and others turned their attention to the calculation results again.

"1.6638*10^11C/kg"

Looking at the figure in front of him, Gauss was silent for a moment and asked Faraday:

"Michael, if I remember correctly, this ratio should be hundreds of times larger than the theoretical value of hydrogen ions?"

Faraday took off his glasses when he heard the words, rubbed his nose vigorously, and let out a soft breath:

"To be precise, it's close to a thousand times."

"A thousand times?"

Gauss's pupils shrank imperceptibly, and he looked at the arithmetic paper in his hand again:

"That is to say. We have discovered matter smaller than atoms? This."

Faraday glanced at his old friend, but did not speak.

In the early morning after Christmas Eve, the three top leaders in the scientific world were silent at the same time.

atom.

Throughout the history of civilization in ancient and modern China and abroad, it is not uncommon to see concepts that are similar to atoms, that is, represent the smallest composition of everything in the world.

For example, in 500 BC, Democritus of ancient Greece proposed the earliest atomic theory, claiming that everything visible to the naked eye is composed of a certain extremely small "proton".

There are also many sages in China who believe that everything in the world is a real thing composed of countless particles.

But on the other hand, this kind of cognition belongs more to the realm of philosophy than science.

That is, they believe that everything in the world can be subdivided into particles smaller than dust, but they don't know the specific diameter and properties of these particles.

The real founder of modern atomic theory is the Englishman John Dalton.

After Lavoisier discovered hydrogen, it was found that the chemical reaction of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen just consumed the water.

Above this ratio there may be excess hydrogen and there may be excess oxygen.

That is to say, hydrogen and oxygen have an effect on a certain unit in a 2:1 relationship.

People have been looking for this smallest unit, at the element level at first, and then Dalton proposed the concept of atom in 1803.

At that time he proposed a theory:

Matter is composed of invisible, indivisible atoms, and atoms are the smallest unit of chemical change.

In addition, he determined the atomic weights of the elements—though some were wrong.

This concept will last until 1897 before it will be refreshed again by JJ Thomson, and his steps are the vacuum tube experiments used by Lao Tang and others today.

Of course.

The vacuum tube experiment calculates the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the electric quantity is measured by the Millikan mentioned earlier, so I won’t go into details here.

at the same time.

In the era when JJ Thomson measured the charge-to-mass ratio, Arrhenius had already proposed the ionization theory in 1887, which could calculate the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen ions.

JJ Thomson's measurement results are nearly 2000 times larger than hydrogen ions, which is undoubtedly a result involving the concept of magnitude:

The charge-to-mass ratio is the ratio of electric quantity to mass. Whether hydrogen ion or cathode ray particle, their electric quantity is the same, that is, the molecule remains unchanged.

With the molecule unchanged by a factor of two thousand, the difference is clearly in mass:

That is to say, the mass of the stream of particles that make up cathode rays is only one thousandth of that of hydrogen ions.

One thousand times smaller than a hydrogen ion, then this particle is naturally smaller than an atom.

Although Faraday and the others lived in 1850, although the ionization theory had not yet appeared, the research on gas element ions had been carried out for a long time, and many values had actually appeared first.

This is also the normal state before many theories are formally proposed:

The proposer of a theory is not necessarily the discoverer or trailblazer of a phenomenon.

Their real contribution is to induce and summarize some discrete things into a standard theorem through a certain formula or experimental results.

So it was not surprising for Gauss and Faraday that they could think of a value for the charge-to-mass ratio of the hydrogen ion.

What really touched them was.

This particle, which is enough to change the history of the scientific world, actually appeared in front of them like this?

To know.

The experimental methods such as the measurement of the speed of light, the photovoltaic effect, the photoelectric effect, and the calculation of Conan's star orbit that Xu Yun had put forward before were obviously quite delicate in terms of steps.

But in fact.

Aside from the photoelectric effect, other pushes for the scientific community have not been disruptive—at least for now.

Their more significance lies in correcting certain mistakes, so that future generations can avoid wasting time in these aspects.

But cathode rays are different.

Its analysis results this time can be said to have taken the entire human race's understanding of the microcosm a big step forward!

What is the trajectory of that particle?

What are its physical properties?

If it is the smallest particle, can humans use it to recombine something?

These are all new and valuable fields. Since Ferrari invented the generator, the study of the microcosm has become a future trend.

Looking at the paper in his hand, Gauss suddenly thought of a good friend of his:

Avogadro the Italian.

Dalton was the inventor of atomic theory, and it was Avogadro who determined that atoms are really atoms.

Although the real measurer of Avogadro's constant is not Avogadro, but Jean Perrin.

But today's Avogadro is not just eating for nothing:

He not only proposed the concept of Avogadro's constant, but also deduced this constant to the order of 3.88E+23.

Now Avogadro is almost sixty years old, if he knew that this particle was discovered, wouldn't he be able to tear off his wig happily?

Yes, wigs:

Avogadro was bald in his later years, but he still stubbornly bought a wig.

And just when Gauss was a little fuzzy.

Snapped!

The lights in the room suddenly dimmed.

Goston was taken aback for a moment, and subconsciously glanced at the ceiling.

power cut?

However, less than two seconds.

Snapped!

The lighting in the room returned to normal again.

Gauss and Faraday looked towards the switch, and found that the person standing at the switch was none other than

wheat!

At this time, Mai Mai's expression was even more shocking than before, his Adam's apple kept rolling up and down, and there were even beads of sweat on his face-this is December

Seeing that Faraday blinked, he asked a little puzzled:

"Student Maxwell, what are you doing?"

Hearing the words, Mai Mai quickly came back to his senses, first cast a sorry look at Faraday, then pointed in a certain direction, and said:

"Mr. Faraday, please allow me to explain the specific situation to you later, please look at the vase first - I will turn off the light again in five seconds, and you will understand then."

Faraday, Gauss and others followed the trend.

I saw that on the right side of the table, that is, two meters behind the anode, five or six meters away from Faraday and others, wheat had placed a vase at some point.

The vase is ordinary, and there is nothing weird about it.

Five seconds passed quickly.

Snapped!

Xiaomai pressed the light switch again, and the room returned to darkness.

Faraday and Goss-Weber first adjusted to the change of light with squinting eyes, and then they all looked in the direction of wheat in the dark.

be honest.

It is actually not an easy task to accurately locate a specific object five or six meters away in the instantly dark room.

In fact, for most people, being able to determine the approximate area is considered a good sense of location.

But at this moment.

Whether it is Gauss or Faraday.

It was still Weber, Kirchhoff and others, and almost everyone locked on the vase immediately.

because

At this moment, a beam of light shoots out from the vacuum tube on the table, hitting the front surface of the vase heavily!

A few more seconds passed.

Faraday's voice suddenly sounded in the room, with a strong sense of urgency in his tone:

"Maxwell, turn on the light, turn on the light! Stay where you are after turning on the light!"

Snapped.

Wheat obeyed obediently.

After the light is restored in the house.

Fala rushed to the vicinity of the anode at the first stride, and his agility did not look like a 59-year-old old man at all, he looked like a 59-year-old man.

After coming to the table.

Faraday squatted halfway on the edge of the table, staring fixedly at the end of the anode, his face as solemn as water.

mentioned earlier.

The diagram of the vacuum tube given by Xu Yun is much more magical than the normal vacuum tube. The cathode and anode are made of thin metal sheets, which are filled at the head and tail of the test tube.

That is.

After the cathode rays are emitted from the cathode, they will be blocked by the metal plate of the anode and disappear.

In addition, in the research process just now.

Faraday used a built-in small piece of wood to block the light path in order to determine which end the ray came from.

The diameter of this small piece of wood is just over a centimeter, and the thickness is not even a millimeter, but it still easily blocks the penetration of cathode rays.

In other words, the penetrating power of cathode rays is not strong, and the optical path is very short-this is still a characteristic under vacuum conditions, and it must be weakened a lot in the air.

but the problem is

The light spot that appeared on the outside of the vase just now is more than two meters away from the anode!

Think here.

Faraday looked at Wheat again and said:

"Maxwell, turn off the lights!"

Maxwell nodded:

"clear!"

Snapped!

The room was dark again.

at the same time.

A round spot of light appeared outside the vase again.

And compared to other people present, the vacuum tube standing next to the vacuum tube can see clearly——